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Volume-16 (2017);
No. 2 (April-June 2017)
Published on July 30, 2017
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2017;2:1
Original Article |
Owolabi EO, Goon DT, Adeniyi OV, Adedokun AO, Seekoe E.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Obesity among South African Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. |
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Abstract: BACKGROUND: Obesity contributes to the burden of chronic diseases and it is a public health challenge. The rate of overweight and obesity in South Africa is dramatically on the increase and disturbingly high. This study aimed at determining the prevalence and predictors of overweight and obesity among adults in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa; which information is lacking. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional survey utilised the WHO STEPwise approach in collecting data on demographic and behavioural factors from 1077 adults attending the three largest out-patient clinics in the Buffalo City Metropolitan municipality, Eastern Cape. Height and weight were measured in accordance with standard procedure. Obesity and overweight were defined according to WHO criteria. We performed bivariate and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses to determine the significant predictors of obesity. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 24% and 46%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity was higher among female (53.4%) compared to males (27.4%). Obesity was strongly associated with pre-diabetes (250/54.7%, RR=2, 95% CI 1.6-2.6, p=0.001), diabetes (145/59.4%, RR=2.1, 95%CI 1.6-2.9, p=0.001) and hypertension (276/56.2%, RR=2.4, 95%CI 1.9-3.1, p=0.0001). In the multivariate analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, only age (AOR= 2.0, 95%CI= 1.3-3.0), sex (AOR= 3.8, 95%CI= 2.7-5.3), being married (AOR=2.3, 95%CI= 1.7-3.2), hypertension (AOR=2.0, 95%CI= 1.5-2.8), diabetes (AOR=1.4, 95%CI=1.0-2.0) and no cigarette smoking (AOR= 2.8, 95%CI= 1.7-4.5) were the independent and significant predictors of obesity among the participants. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of obesity was high and strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Health policies targeting obesity and cardiovascular risk factors should be prioritised by the Eastern Cape and South African government in order to mitigate the burden of non-communicable diseases.
Key words: Obesity, Diabetes, Hypertension, Metabolic syndrome, Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality. |
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2017;2:2
Original Article |
Prathap L, Jagadeesan V, Suganthirababu, P, Ganesh D.
Association of Quantitative and Qualitative Dermatoglyphic Variable and DNA Polymorphism in Female Breast Cancer Population. |
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Abstract: Objective: To investigate the association between dermatoglyphics and the DNA repair genetic variants in female breast carcinoma. Methodology: The distinct dermatoglyphic variables include ≥ Six whorls, Finger ridge counts, A-B Ridge Count, ATD angle and Pattern intensity Index are analyzed for its association with the DNA repair variants namely XRCC1 Arg194Trp, XRCC3Thr241Met, ERCC4Arg 415Gln, and ERCC5 Asp1104His. The statistical procedure used to analyze the frequency of association is odds ratio and relative risk ratio. Result:The results suggests that the relative risk is about 2 to 4 times with statistical significance for breast cancer and high risk group for the genes XRCC1 Arg194Trp, ERCC4 Arg 415 Gln, ERCC5 Asp1104His in their dominant model in both breast cancer and high risk group for six or more whorls, Pattern Intensity Index, A-B RC. Conclusion: It can be suggested that dermal ridges can be used as an effective biomarker of genomic instability in breast cancer.
Key words: Dermatoglyphics, DNA repair gene, single nucleotide polymorphism, breast cancer, genetic instability |
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This Article |
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2017;2:3
Original Article |
Chauhan P, Yadav R, Kaushal V.
Breast Cancer Risk Factors According to Menopausal Status. |
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Abstract: BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. The incidence and mortality rate is increasing in developing countries as compare to developed countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the breast cancer risk factors in premenopausal and post-menopausal women. METHODOLOGY: In the present study, two hundred breast cancer patients and one hundred age matched controls were taken to study breast cancer risk factors. The odd Ratio (ORs) at 95% confidence interval (CIs) was computed to study significance of risk factor on menopausal status. RESULTS: The mean age for menopause was 46.52±4.72 for breast cancer cases and 45.9±4.29 for control group was observed. The marital status, parity, age at menarche at =13 years was found to be associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal age group. Early age at first full term pregnancy, number of children more than three and lactation duration of more than one year were observed to be protective factors in both pre and postmenopausal age groups A history of spontaneous abortion had no significant effect on the risk of breast cancer diagnosed before or after menopause. The positive association of breast cancer was observed for Height, weight and body mass index (BMI) in postmenopausal women. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, present results suggest that changes in reproductive pattern, menstruation and anthropometric measurements contribute to the risk of breast cancer in both pre and post-menopausal women. Further genetic and hormonal relationship based studies have been suggested using a large cohort.
Key words: Breast carcinoma, Risk factors, Menopause, Life style |
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This Article |
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2017;2:4
Original Article |
Sahana A, Rao BK, Nayak SR, Kumar P, Kamath V, Kamath A.
Prevalence of Genital Prolapse among Married Women in Southern Karnataka. |
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Abstract: The aim of this cross-sectional study is to estimate the prevalence of genital prolapse among married women of Udupi taluk, Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1256 married women using a structured questionnaire. Women were interviewed in their residence using the Manipal Pelvic Floor Dysfunction screening questionnaire. Result: The mean age of the women participated in this study was 42.3±12.2. The overall prevalence of genital prolapse found in this study was 2% (n=25). Thirty-two percent (n=8) of the women with prolapse had symptoms of urinary incontinence. An association was reported between the age and the genital prolapse. Conclusion: This study shows a 2% (n=25) prevalence of genital prolapse in married women of Udupi Taluk.
Key words: Genital prolapse, Urinary incontinence, Prevalence, Indian women, Pelvic organ prolapse |
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This Article |
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2017;2:5
Original Article |
Jamshidi F, Nazari I, Cheraghi M.
Risky Behaviors of Injecting Drug Users (IDUs) Referred to Addiction Rehabilitation Centers in Khuzestan Province in 2014. |
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Abstract: Aim: In the last decade, the prevalence of injecting drugs has been increasing rapidly. Injecting drug use puts one at the risk of risky behaviors that affect the health of individual and society. The present study aims at evaluating and comparing risky behaviors of injecting and non-injecting drug users. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 4400 addicts referred to public, private and drop-in-centers (DICs) in 2014 were enrolled. The addicts were divided into injecting and non-injecting drug users. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect demographic data and the pattern of drug use and risky behavior. Data were analyzed by SPSSV21, chi-square test and ANOVA. A significance level of less than 0.05 was considered. Results: Among the addicts, 4% were injecting drug users (IDUs) and 96% non-injecting drug addicts (non-IDUs). The age of the first injection was 24.68 ± 6.45 years old. The age of onset of drug use in IDUs was significantly lower than in non-IDUs (P<0.001). Risky behaviors including the use of shared needles, risky sexual relations, a history of sexually transmitted infections and a history of imprisonment and suicide were significantly higher in IDUs. Addiction relapse and slip during treatment were higher in IDUs (P<0.001). Conclusion: Injecting drug addiction significantly increases the risk of relapse and risky behaviors. Priority should be given to risky behavior prevention programs.
Key words: Risky behaviors, Injecting drug users (IDUs), Addiction |
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This Article |
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2017;2:6
Original Article |
Jathanna R.
Awareness And Perception Of Nurses Towards E – Health Records: A Hospital Study. |
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Abstract: As a part of pre-implementation of Electronic Health Record (EHR) as communicating tool, the study aims at investigating the awareness, perception, and usability of EHR among nurses working in 2032 bedded hospital in southern India. A cross sectional descriptive study with convenient sampling method of 296 nurses was used. The validated questionnaire contained questions related to perception of the nurses about the existing system of record keeping and their effect on patient care; Usefulness of EMR for their practice; relative important of features of EMR; acceptance level and training needs. For analysis SPSS 10.0 version was used. The results of this study is promising in terms of nurses’ views for adoption of EHR. Also, suggests, nurses are beginning to perceive benefits in areas of quality in decision making; patient care and practice; enhance timely access to medical records; efficiency; productivity. Strategies are needed for improving the EHR knowledge among nurses who have a negative perception of and attitude towards it.
Key words: Electronic Medical Records; Nurses; Awareness; Perception; Usefulness; Implementation |
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This Article |
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2017;2:7
Original Article |
Rakhadani PB, Goon DT, Mandeya A.
Musculoskeletal Problems Associated with University Students Computer Users: A Cross-Sectional Study. |
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Abstract: While several studies have examined the prevalence and correlates of musculoskeletal problems among university students, scanty information exists in South African context. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, causes and consequences of musculoskeletal problems among University of Venda students’ computer users. This cross-sectional study involved 694 university students at the University of Venda. A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect information on the sociodemographic characteristics, problems associated with computer users, and causes of musculoskeletal problems associated with computer users. The majority (84.6%) of the participants use computer for internet, wording processing (20.3%), and games (18.7%). The students reported neck pain when using computer (52.3%); shoulder (47.0%), finger (45.0%), lower back (43.1%), general body pain (42.9%), elbow (36.2%), wrist (33.7%), hip and foot (29.1%) and knee (26.2%). Reported causes of musculoskeletal pains associated with computer usage were: sitting position, low chair, a lot of time spent on computer, uncomfortable laboratory chairs, and stressfulness. Eye problems (51.9%), muscle cramp (344.0%), headache (45.3%), blurred vision (38.0%), feeling of illness (39.9%) and missed lectures (29.1%) were consequences of musculoskeletal problems linked to computer use. The majority of students reported having mild pain (43.7%), moderate (24.2%), and severe (8.4%) pains. Years of computer use were significantly associated with neck, shoulder and wrist pain. Using computer for internet was significantly associated with neck pain (OR=0.60; 95% CI 0.40-0.93); games: neck (OR=0.60; 95% CI 0.40-0.85) and hip/foot (OR=0.60; CI 95% 0.40-0.92), programming for elbow (OR= 1.78; CI 95% 1.10-2.94) and wrist (OR=2.25; CI 95% 1.36-3.73), while word processing was significantly associated with lower back (OR=1.45; CI 95% 1.03-2.04). Undergraduate study had a significant association with elbow pain (OR=2.47; CI 95% 1.03-5.95). There is high prevalence of musculoskeletal problems among the University of Venda students which were predominantly neck, shoulder and wrist pain, attributed to prolonged time on the computer/incorrect sitting position, uncomfortable laboratory chairs and stress.
Key words: Musculoskeletal problems, university students, computer users. |
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This Article |
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2017;2:8
Original Article |
Babu PB, Thomas HR, Punnose K, Henry T.
A Cadaveric Study of the Origin of Sublingual Artery from Facial Artery and its Clinical Significance. |
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Abstract: Sublingual artery has attracted growing interest among dentists, because vascular injury to the floor of the mouth during the placement of dental implants, in oral surgery.The study was designed to evaluate the variant origin & course of the sublingual artery and its clinical significance.Present study was carried out on 30 formalin fixed adult cadavers of age varying from 35 to 60 years. The variant origin of the sublingual artery from facial artery was identified, colored and photographed. The artery was running deep to mylohyoid and crossed by mylohyoid nerve.Out of 60 specimens, (30 on right side and 30 on left side) in one of the cadaver the right sublingual artery originated from facial artery.The knowledge of variant origin of sublingual artery will conceivably contribute to safer dental implant surgery and more accurate interpretation of angiographic images of arteries in the floor of the mouth. It is also of clinical relevance to the surgeons and radiologists while performing cervicofacial reconstructive surgeries.
Key words: Sublingual artery, facial artery, variant origin |
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This Article |
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2017;2:9
Original Article |
Quadros LS, Punja R, Nayak VS, Yadav JS, Nayak N, D'Souza AS.
Palmaris Longus Muscle in the South Indian Population – A Cadaveric Study. |
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Abstract: Introduction: Palmaris longus, one of the superficial flexor muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm is the most variable muscle of the upper limb.
Purpose: To note the variations of palmaris longus for tendon grafts.
Methods: Forty formalin-fixed upper limb specimens of South Indian population were dissected to note the variations of Palmaris longus muscle.
Results: Out of the forty upper limb specimens, two variants of the palmaris longus were noted. In one specimen, a reversed palmaris longus was noted. It had a long tendinous origin with a muscle belly and a short flat tendon at insertion. The tendon inserted partly into the flexor retinaculum and partly into palmar aponeurosis. In another specimen, apart from the normal palmaris longus muscle, an additional smaller muscle was noted. It was the Palmaris profundus. This muscle took origin in the form of a tendon from the middle of the shaft of the radius, continued as a muscle belly and then terminated as a tendon which later inserted into the flexor retinaculum, close to the tendon of palmaris longus muscle. At its insertion, the superficial palmar branch of radial artery hooked it. The anterior interosseous nerve supplied the Palmaris profundus.
Conclusion: These variations are worthy to be noted for tendon grafts.
Key words: Anterior interosseous nerve, graft, palmaris longus, tendon, upper limb |
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2017;2:10
Review |
Pam DD, Omalu ICJ, Innalegwu DA, Opemipo BO, Hassan FS, Kasim JH, Saba MH, Abuchi NA, Adeniyi KA.
An Overview of Application of Nanotechnology in Malaria Control. |
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Abstract: Infectious diseases caused by parasites are of immense global significance as about 30% of world’s population experiences parasitic infections. malaria is the most life threatening disease and accounts for one to two million deaths round the globe every year. Currently, there is no available effective vaccine against malaria. The shortcomings of malaria preventive and curative drug treatments have become a major reason for the failure to eradicate the disease. There is an urgent need for an effective antimalarial agent due to increasing drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum. Nanotechnology has been identified as the new frontier in the fight against this disease. Nanomedicine is a new technology utilizing nanometer scale drug delivery systems as therapeutics, able to confer advantages which include improved drug pharmacokinetic profiles, organ, cell and parasite targeted drug delivery, reduce doses and reduction in drug toxicity. Nanomedicine can address the challenges associated with current anti-malarial drugs by reformulating the drugs in nanomedicine drug delivery systems (NMDDS). The development of these particulate carriers as vehicles for delivery of active compounds is a novel area of research that provides a new hope in malarial chemotherapy.
Key words: Malaria, treatment, nanotechnology, nanomedicine drug delivery systems |
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2017;2:11
Short Report |
Maheswari E, Gaur AK, Ghaderabadi KP.
Prescribing Pattern of Antimicrobials in the Department of General Medicine. |
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Abstract: Background:
Antibiotics are extensively used for the treatment of minor, moderate both life threatening and minor infections. Irrational use of antibiotics increases the risk of bacterial resistance. Hence, the present study was aimed to assess the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in the Department of General Medicine in a tertiary care hospital. Methodology: A prospective observational study was carried out at the Department of General Medicine, M.S. Ramaiah Medical Teaching hospital, Bangalore, India over a period of five months from January 2015 to May 2015. Patient’s case sheets, treatment charts and laboratory investigation were used as the source of data. Results:
The mean age of the study population and duration of hospitalization was 38.54±12.27 and 6.15±2.56 days respectively and the mean number of antimicrobials per prescription was 1.44±0.74. The total number of antibiotics prescribed was 197. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic classes were cephalosporin (62.43%) among which ceftriaxone was the most commonly prescribed drug. Conclusions:
As antibiotics are the most commonly prescribed drugs therefore development of antibiotic use policy is very essential not only to prevent antibiotic resistance but also to reduce the treatment expenditure.
Key words: Antibiotics, Prescribing Pattern, Drug Resistance, Antimicrobials |
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2017;2:12
Case Report |
Shetty P, Nayak SB.
A Prominent Fleshy Axillary Arch Muscle with Tendinous Intersection. |
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Abstract: Axillary arch muscle or Langer’s axillary arch is a fibromuscular structure that stretches across the axilla from its posterior wall to the anterior wall. We report an unusually large and fleshy axillary arch muscle. This muscle arose from the latissimus dorsi and got inserted into the pectoralis major, short head of biceps brachii and capsule of shoulder joint through three tendinous slips. It was supplied by a branch of thoracodorsal nerve. Notable feature of the muscle is that it had a tendinous intersection at its junction with the latissimus dorsi. This muscle is capable of compressing the neurovascular bundle of the axilla, causing varied symptoms. Knowledge of its possible existence is important for surgeons as it might lead to misdiagnosis.
Key words: Axillary arch, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, axilla, brachial plexus |
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2017;2:13
Case Report |
Beng NC, Kosai NR, Yee LS, Das S, Subasri A, Rajan R.
Perianal Ulcer and Diabetes Insipidus: A Rare Presentation of Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in an Adult Male. |
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Abstract: Langerhans
cell histiocytosis (LCH), previously known as Histiocystosis X, is a rare idiopathic disease caused by a build-up
of langerhan cells in the body. LCH has a heterogenous form of clinical presentation and presents with varying
degree of severity. The severity often depends on the disease burden. LCH can manifest as a unifocal disease,
multifocal-unisystem or multifocal-multisystem disease with the latter being more fatal than the rest. Risk organ
involvement confers a grim prognosis. Perianal lesions are extremely rare skin manifestation of LCH with only few
cases reported in the past. Vinca-alkaloids and steroid therapy have been shown to be effective in a large
percentage of those presenting with LCH. This case report highlights the diagnosis and management of LCH
presenting as a painful perianal ulcer in the background of newly diagnosed diabetes insipidus.
Key words: Ulcer, Histopathology, Anus, Endocrine, Langerhans cell, Pituitary, Skull, Diabetes insipidus |
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2017;2:14
Case Report |
Sujatha BS, Bharatnur S, Virmani S, Hebbar S, Bishnu A.
Ruptured Cesarean Scar Ectopic Pregnancy. |
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Abstract: A pregnancy
with implantation on the scar of a past cesarean section is uncommon. However such pregnancies are on the rise
due to the increasing number of lower segment cesarean section. One of the complications of such a pregnancy is
uterine rupture in early pregnancy which can be life threatening to the patient. The following is a report of
a patient who presented at 10 weeks of gestational age with features of hypovolemic shock and lower position of
the gestational sac in relation to the uterus with normal fetal heart rate. The diagnosis of ruptured cesarean
scar pregnancy was made only after laparotomy.
Key words: Cesarean section, Ectopic, Scar pregnancy, Ultrasonography |
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2017;2:15
Case Report |
Kamath BJ, Jayasheelan N, Shenoy T, Bansal A, Shetty K, Sujir P.
Surgery with Timed Wake-Up Anesthesia for Hemangioma of Ring Finger Flexor Digitorum Superficialis. |
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Abstract: We are
presenting an unusual case of haemangioma arising from the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) of the ring finger,
managed surgically by total excision and end to side anastomosis of FDS to middle finger using timed wake-up
anaesthesia in hand surgery in order to confirm the correction of deformity adequacy of the repair.
Key words: Haemangioma, Flexion deformity of ring finger, Timed wake up anaesthesia |
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2017;2:16
Case Report |
Shanthakumar SR, Kumar N, Padur AA.
Atypical course of Maxillary Artery Piercing the Temporalis Muscle in the Infratemporal Fossa. |
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Abstract: Maxillary
artery is one of the important contents of the infratemporal fossa. Reports on branching variations of the
maxillary artery in the infratemporal region have been documented in the literature. We report in here a rare case
of very superficial course of maxillary artery in the infratemporal fossa. The artery pierced the temporalis
muscle from superficial to deep and divided the muscle fibers into superficial anterior and deep posterior parts.
Entrapment of the maxillary artery within the muscle fibers may cause numbness or headache and may interfere with
the injection of local anesthetics into the infratemporal fossa. Detailed knowledge of variations of maxillary
artery in the fossa is of particular relevance in oral maxillofacial surgeries, management of epistaxis,
intractable neuralgias or headaches.
Key words: Maxillary artery, Temporalis, Piercing, Superficial |
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This Article |
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2017;2:17
Case Report |
Aithal AP, Kumar N, Swamy RS, Prabhu GS.
Unique Case of Entwined Left Testicular and Left Renal Artery Forming an Arterial Arch Over the Left Renal Vein. |
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Abstract: Testicular
arteries are the main arteries supplying the testis. An anatomical variation in the course of the left testicular
artery and left renal artery is presented in this case report, highlighting its clinical implications. The left
testicular artery had a high origin from the anterior aspect of the abdominal aorta and took a recurrent course.
On reaching the upper border of the left renal vein, it looped over it and descended in front of it. The left
renal artery had normal origin and normal course of its proximal half. Thereafter, it arched over the superior
border of renal vein and appeared on its anterior surface to reach the renal hilum, causing a mild tortuous course
of the artery. This arching of testicular artery and renal artery over the left renal vein might compress the
renal vein resulting in renal vein hypertension. This unusual course might also compress the testicular artery
causing testicular and pelvic varicocele. Hence, an abnormal course of testicular artery often warrants clinical
attention because of its importance in maintaining thermoregulation and proper spermatogenesis of the testis.
Key words: Testicular artery, Renal artery, Renal vein, Varicocele |
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2017;2:18
Case Report |
Shetty P, Nayak SB, D'Souza MR.
Rare Type of Course and Distribution of an Additional Right Hepatic Artery: A Possible Source of Iatrogenic Injury During Hepato-biliary and Pancreatic Surgeries. |
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Abstract: Celiac
artery shows frequent variations in its branching pattern. Knowledge of its possible variations is useful in
gastric, pancreatic and hepato-biliary surgeries. During our dissection classes, we observed a rare variation of
the branching pattern of celiac trunk. It divided normally into its three branches; left gastric, splenic and
common hepatic arteries. Left gastric and splenic arteries were normal in their course and distribution. The
common hepatic artery trifurcated to give hepatic artery proper, gastroduodenal artery and an additional right
hepatic artery. The branching pattern of hepatic artery proper and gastroduodenal arteries was normal. The
additional right hepatic artery gave origin to a right gastric artery and a large pancreatic branch to the head
of the pancreas. It coursed parallel to the bile duct, being on its right side, passed through the Calot’s
triangle and entered the right lobe of liver through the fossa for gall bladder. In the Calot’s triangle, it
gave a cystic branch to the gall bladder. We discuss the clinical importance of this rare variation in this
paper.
Key words: Celiac trunk, Hepatic artery, Cystic artery, Bile duct, Calot’s triangle, Common hepatic |
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2017;2:19
Case Report |
Belic O, Mazuruc N, Covantev S.
Anatomical Variations of the Splenic Artery. |
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Abstract: The
splenic artery is characterized by large individual variability on both extra-and intraorganic levels. The authors
describe the case of an accessory splenic artery, which was found in the study of corrosion cast preparation. An
accessory artery diameter of 0.1 mm was diverted at a sharp angle from the upper branch of the splenic artery and
at the level of the hilum branched into two vessels of I and II order from a sharp angle. In the parenchyma it
accompanied the segmental arteries and had a shared blood supply with them.
Key words: Spleen; Anatomic variants; Splenic arteries; Corrosion cast; Spleen vascularization; Accessory artery |
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2017;2:20
Case Report |
Nayak SB, Shetty P, Surendran S, Shetty SD.
Duplication of Inferior Gluteal Artery and Course of Superior Gluteal Artery Through the Lumbosacral Trunk. |
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Abstract: Internal
iliac artery (IIA) shows great deal of variations in its branching pattern. The knowledge of its variant branches
is required for successful surgical, orthopedic, plastic surgery and radiological procedures. We observed
variations of some of the branches of right IIA in an adult male cadaver. The iliolumbar artery originated from
the main trunk of the IIA. After this, IIA divided into anterior and posterior divisions. The posterior division
gave lateral sacral and superior gluteal arteries. Superior gluteal artery pierced the lumbosacral trunk before
leaving the pelvis. The anterior division further divided into anterior and posterior trunks. Anterior trunk gave
rise to superior vesical, inferior vesical, middle rectal and obturator arteries. The posterior trunk gave two
inferior gluteal arteries and an internal pudendal artery.
Key words: Internal iliac artery; Iliolumbar artery; Superior gluteal artery; Inferior gluteal artery; Lumbosacral trunk; Variation |
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