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Volume-6 (2007);
Issue 2 (Apr-Jun) Published on Nov 10, 2007
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2007;2-1
Review |
Wiwanitkit V.
Primary care for diabetes
in HIV-infected patients |
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Abstract:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common
disorder affecting individuals of all ages. Similar to general population,
DM can also be seen in HIV infected cases. The prevalence of insulin
resistance, glucose intolerance, and diabetes in the HIV-infected population
has increased dramatically following the widespread use of highly active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HIV disease being an important global
problem, increasing prevalence of DM among these patients in the HAART
era can be expected. Primary care for HIV-infected with reference to
DM and follow up for related complications is therefore important.
Key words: HIV, Diabetes mellitus,
Primary care |
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This Article |
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2007;2-2
Original Article |
Okwori AEJ, Hashimu GA, Adetunji JA, Okeke IO, Junaid SA.
Serological Survey Of Salmonella
gallinarum Antibody In Chickens Around Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. |
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Abstract: A serological survey of the
prevalence of antibodies to Salmonella gallinarum among chickens
under two different management systems around Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
was carried out using the standard plate agglutination test. The objective
of this study was to determine serologically the prevalence of antibodies
against Salmonella gallinarum among apparently healthy chickens
around Jos. A total of 700 serum samples made up of 450 exotic
and 250 local breed of chickens were used for this study with 37.9%
seropositvity. In the free range system (19.3%) of the flocks
sampled were seropositive for Salmonella gallinarium
antibodies while in the semi intensive, 18.6% of the flock tested positive.
The serum agglutination test (SAT) was adapted to the microtitre format
used to determine somatic and flagella titres. The antigen used for
this study was specific for S. gallinarum, hence differentiation
between species infection was assessed in this study. Perhaps the most
feasible way to eradicate the disease is to encourage farmers (both
small and large scale) to break the disease cycle at their levels by
embarking on prompt and regular vaccination programmes. It is thus
concluded that salmonella gallinarum (fowl typhoid) is present
in the area investigated. Fowl typhoid may continue to have a negative
effect on the economy of poultry production in Nigeria if not
controlled. A statistical analysis was precluded due to inadequate data
sets.
Key words: Fowl typhoid, Antibodies, Chickens, Jos, Nigeria |
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This Article |
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2007;2-3
Original Article |
Uneke CJ, Alo MN, Ogbu O, Ugwuoru DC.
Trichomonas
vaginalis infection in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive
Nigerian women: The public health significance |
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Abstract:
Evidence from
the biology and epidemiology of Trichomonas
vaginalis suggests that this protozoan parasite may play an important
role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission dynamics, especially
where heterosexual behaviour and a high prevalence of HIV obtain. The
prevalence of T. vaginalis was evaluated among HIV-seropositive
Nigerian women, in an anonymous, unlinked, cross-sectional survey. Of
the total of 250 HIV-seropositive women studied using the wet mount
preparations from high vaginal swab (HVS) and urine specimens, the presence
of T. vaginalis was demonstrated in 61(24.4%) of the HVS specimens
and 57(22.8%) of the urine specimens. The highest prevalence of T.
vaginalis infection (32.6%) was recorded among individuals in the
26-30 years age category and the lowest (18.8%) among the age categories
20-25 years and above 40 years. Since the coinfection of T.
vaginalis and HIV has public health implications for HIV prevention
as it confirms the practice of unprotected sex, educational efforts
must be aimed at sexually active persons and high risk groups and are
best focused upon the use of barrier precautions, particularly condom
use.
Key words: Trichomonas vaginalis, HIV, Women, Prevalence |
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This Article |
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2007;2-4
Original Article |
Ngwai YB, Wambebe
C, Adachi Y.
Survivability
of Salmonella typhimurium L1388 and Salmonella enteritidis L1225
under stressful growth conditions |
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Abstract:
In an earlier
study with Salmonella Typhimurium L1388 (ST) and Salmonella
Enteritidis L1225 (SE) isolated from diseased chickens, we found that
SE formed more biofilm than ST on abiotic surfaces in a time-dependent
manner. Since the ability of salmonellae to survive extreme environment
is related to their virulence, the present study examined the survival
of Salmonella Typhimurium L1388 and Salmonella Enteritidis
L1225 under the usual stresses that salmonellae encounter during their
life cycle. This is with a view to understanding the strains’ stress
tolerance that could be used to explain their virulence. Incubation
at 37oC for various time periods was done for: i) stationary
phase (SP) cells at pH 2.6; ii) log-phase (LP) cells at pH 4.0; log-phase
or stationary phase cells in broth containing iii) hydrogen peroxide,
iv) sodium chloride and v) ethanol; vi) stationary phase cells in Hank’s
balanced salt solution (single strength) containing 10% human serum;
and vii) prolong stationary phase cells. Stationary phase cells were
also incubated at 52oC for 15 min. Surviving cells at the
various incubation times were counted on trypticase soy agar (TSA) after
appropriate dilution in saline and overnight incubation at 37oC.
Growth iron-poor medium was determined by growing a single bacterial
colony in Medium A with shaking at 37oC or 40oC
for 24 h. Statistics was done by one-way analysis-of-variance (ANOVA)
at P = 0.05. Differences in the survival of ST and SE were insignificant
(p>0.05) in acid pH at both pH 4.0 (p = 0.3783) and pH 2.6
(p = 0.4711); at high salinity for log-phase (p = 0.1416) and stationary
phase (p = 0.1816) cells; in ethanol (p = 0.5984), human serum (p =
0.8139), prolonged stationary phase (p = 0.3506); and under heat (p
= 0.5766). SE was significantly (p<0.05; p = 0.0031) more
tolerant to oxidative-killing by hydrogen peroxide. Culturable growth
of the ST and SE in an iron-poor medium A revealed insignificant differences
at 37oC (p = 0.8381) but marginally significant at 40oC
(p = 0.0508). Thus, with the exception of survival in hydrogen peroxide,
SE had similar response pattern with ST to the usual stresses that salmonellae
encounter during their life cycle, despite the former’s preferential
ability to form biofilm on abiotic surfaces. The relationship between
the observed enhanced ability of SE to survive in hydrogen peroxide
and virulence need to be investigated in subsequent study.
Key words:
Salmonella typhimurium; Salmonella
enteritidis; Survival; Stress |
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